Kidney disease is much more common in cats and dogs as they age. It is estimated that 1 in 10 dogs and 3 in 10 cats will develop kidney disease within their lifetime. The kidneys are normally responsible for:
- Eliminating protein waste
- Conserving water
- Maintaining electrolyte and acid-base balance
- Signaling the body to make more red blood cells
- Regulating blood pressure
Certain factors, such as age and breed, may predispose pets to develop kidney disease. Underlying conditions, such as kidney infection, inflammation, and cancer, may also decrease kidney function. Tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, have also been associated with the development of kidney disease in dogs.
Symptoms:
- Increased drinking
- Increased urination
- Decreased appetite
- Weight loss
- Bad breath
- Back pain/painful kidneys on palpation
Diagnostics:
Kidney disease is diagnosed based on a combination of blood and urine tests. Kidney disease can be staged based on certain blood values, urine values, and substage based on the presence of protein in the urine and/or high blood pressure. In order to diagnose and properly stage kidney disease, your veterinarian will recommend:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Blood chemistry panel
- Urinalysis
- Urine protein: creatinine ratio
- Urine culture
- Blood pressure measurement
In addition, imaging, such as an abdominal X-ray or ultrasound, may be beneficial in looking for signs of kidney infection, cancer, or stones. Testing for infectious diseases, such as Lyme disease, may also be recommended.
Treatment:
Kidney disease is a progressive disease, and treatment is directed at management. The goals of therapy include:
- Maintaining adequate hydration, which in some cases may require administration of fluids under the skin
- Restricting dietary intake of protein and phosphorus, which, as the course of disease advances, can only be achieved through veterinary therapeutic diets
- Controlling nausea
- Maintaining appropriate electrolyte and acid-base balance
- Controlling high blood pressure
- Reducing protein loss through the kidneys
Regular monitoring and follow-up with your veterinarian will be necessary to monitor progression and stay on top of any changes in your pet.